Drugs -Tolerance,Dependence,Addiction and Treatment

Drugs -Tolerance,Dependence,Addiction and Treatment. There can be a great deal of confusion surrounding the words addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. People will use these words as if they are referring to the exact thing, but there is a significant difference between them . Misunderstandings about these terms can not only be confusing for the general public but also many in the medical profession. One of the main culprits blamed for this confusion is the fact that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has chosen to use the word dependency instead of the word addiction and people assume this to mean physical dependency. Drug tolerance is commonly encountered in pharmacology, when a subject s reaction to a†¦show more content†¦Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects. Some medications used to treat pain can be addictive. Addiction is different from physical dependence or tolerance, however. In cases of physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms occur when a substance suddenly is stopped. Tolerance occurs when the initial dose of a substance loses its effectiveness over time. Addiction is a psychological and behavioral response that develops in some people with the use of narcotic pain medicines. People who take a class of drugs called opioids for a long period of time may develop tolerance and even physical dependence. This does not mean, however, that a person is addicted. In general, addiction occurs in only a small percentage of people when narcotics are used under proper medical supervision. The use of and abuse of illegal and prescription drugs are affecting our health, our society, and creating law enforcement problems all across America. Drug usage isShow MoreRelatedEssay about Addiction and the Brain1037 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction and the Brain The ponderance that Brain = Behavior and the inherent ramifications of such proves no more fascinating than when addressed in the context of Addiction and the Brain. Essential to consider is: -what exactly is an addictive/abusive substance (drugs of abuse) -what brain center(s)/chemical(s)are involved -what does it mean to become physiologically dependent -how should the concept of addiction be addressed -how might we use animal models -and whatRead MoreLove Is a Natural Drug1415 Words   |  6 PagesLove Is a Natural Drug John-Mark I. Chambers The University of the West Indies Mona Campus Abstract Love addiction and substance dependence have similar characteristics, namely, the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, the presence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, and the negative influences they have on a person’s life. Love addiction is similar to addictive drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and heroin because of the effects that dopamine have on the addict’s mind and bodyRead MoreUse And Prescribing Methods Of Opioids1158 Words   |  5 Pagesare taken into account. In one study, conducted by Furlan, Sandoval, Mailis-Gagnon, and Tunks (2006), opioids were effective in the treatment of CNCP overall. However according to David N. Juurlink (2012), more recent and more rigorous studies suggest that opioid use disorders occur in up to one-third of patients on chronic opioid therapy. So abuse and addiction are likely to occur in people taking opioids long term. Overall, evidence on long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain is very limitedRead MoreDr ug Abuse And Its Effects On The Brain1535 Words   |  7 Pagessame. That is not the case. Drugs are a colossal problem nowadays for teenagers and adults, Drugs can alter the brain permanently, and it can be almost impossible to recover from addiction, especially as a teen. Addiction is a chronic relapsing disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and abuse and long lasting chemical changes in the brain. People who are addicted to certain kinds of drugs are lead onto a long and hard path of drug abuse and dependence. Whether or not someone becomesRead MoreAddiction : A Familiar Term For Most Of The World1603 Words   |  7 PagesBehavior Dr. Kelly Bordner April 26, 2015 Addiction Addiction is a familiar term for most of the world. By its simplest definition, addiction is habitual drug use that causes negative effects on the user’s health and social life despite efforts to stop using (Pinel, J.P. 2013). Drugs have been a part of human society for thousands of years. The quest to alter one’s consciousness is not a new one. Millions of people worldwide suffer from various forms of drug addiction. Yet for such a common affliction,Read MoreAccording to the Medilexicon’s Medical Dictionary, Addiction is â€Å"Habitual psychological or900 Words   |  4 PagesDictionary, Addiction is â€Å"Habitual psychological or physiologic dependence on a substance or practice that is beyond voluntary control†(Nordqvist, 2009). This corresponds to the definition given by the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) that addiction is â€Å"When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems rel ated to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effectRead MoreWarning : Side Effects On Health874 Words   |  4 PagesMethadone study, a misuser articulates experiences with addiction stigma by stating, â€Å"They look at you like you’re a drug addict and then they look at you like they can treat you any way they want. You know what I mean. You’re a drug addict. Well, you’re lower than I am if you use drugs.† (Earnshaw, et. al, 8). Impacts of addiction can be felt by the whole community. Administration of psychoactive medication is a valuable technique of treatment for ailments, but irresponsible use of these substancesRead MoreAddiction : The Problem Of Addiction Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction Students stroll in to class, their Venti iced soy vanilla lattes in hand rather than a notebook and pen. Keurig coffeemakers are commonplace in college dorm rooms. Colleges boast the number of Starbucks shops they have on campus. Just a month into the school year, and already many students’ bodies are becoming tolerant to caffeine, needing more and more of it to achieve the desired boost of energy, and if not given their fix, rebelling by causing headaches and irritability. Could itRead MoreHeroin Addiction Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIntro (Taylor) It has been a debate on whether Heroin Addiction is a disease. There are many reasons that support why this addiction is a disease. Just like a disease, heroin addiction is very hard and what seems to be impossible to cope with. Without the help and some sort of treatment plan many fail to come back to reality and health. As a society, we need to take notice that heroin is incredibly overpowering and help to get treatment to those in need. We need to understand the definition of aRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. In the modern world, drug abuse has become a problem for many individuals do to traumatic experiences, mental disorders, peer pressure and personal problems. For every addiction there is always a solution, professional assistance can help a drug addict get control of his/her life once again. Drug rehabilitation programs can be essential for drug addicts only if the victims are committed

The Theory Of Head Start Program - 1567 Words

Head Start is a federally funded, education development program that was created in 1965. The program provides education and services for eligible children from low-income families. Head Start s philosophy focuses on the development of social-emotional, physical and mental health, nutrition, and working with families and the community and stated â€Å"low-income people should help plan and run their own programs† (p. 41-42). Head Start has truly expanded their resources over the years by providing a full school year for ages 3-6 years old and offering services such as health screenings, referrals, and social services (p. 42). Most importantly, each and every Head Start program must follow the federal Head Start Program Performace Standards that address all areas of development (p. 42). The program is truly committed to support low-income families and creating an education system that supports all aspects of the child. Urie Bronfenbrenner was one of the founders of Head Start a nd adapted the Ecological Theory. The theory describes how social and cultural contexts influence a child s development. Those contexts would include social, political, legal, and economic systems (p. 131). According to Bronfenbrenner, he believed each system influenced eachother as well as the growth of the child. He also believes in the importance of family, peers, community, culture, society, and the time period (p. 131). The theory relates to the Head Start program because it discusses how societyShow MoreRelatedLeadership Is A Critical And Valuable Component1708 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is a critical and valuable component to both organizational theory and behavior as, it assists the organization in accomplishing missions, values, goals and practices that are expected and desired. Leadership as defined, â€Å"is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals,† (Robbins, Stephen P., Judge, Timothy A. 2011). Leadership is dive rse and may look different based on multiple factors that may include type of organization, the mission of thatRead More Emotional devleopment in children Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluences. Hormonal influences can also play a large part in gender behavior, as well as social influences. The text mentioned four existing theories on the progression of children becoming psychologically masculine or feminine. The theories mentioned include psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, cognitive learning theory, and cognitive developmental theory. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Much can be said of the influence family, especially parents, have on a child social skills and emotionalRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Compare Contrast Paper1706 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood programs. Each program has its own philosophies, methods, and program goals. Every early childhood educator is unique making each early childhood program experience special. Consistently, early childhood programs offer educational foundations that prepare young students for their educational futures. In this paper I will focus on comparing and contrasting two programs that stood out to me, Ridgeline Montessori and the Whitaker Head Start. When examining early childhood programs thereRead MoreThe Social Policy Of Head Start Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesother words, government sponsored programs like Obama Care and Head Start are social policies enacted to better the living conditions of American citizens. Though social policies are essential and beneficial to the wellbeing of people’s natural laws—moral, ethical, and legal norms by which human conduct is governed in American society—sometimes these policies unknowingly encompass stereotypes and generalities. Specifically speaking, the social policy of Head Start, which aims to promote school readinessRead MoreHead Start Participation And School Readiness : Evidence From The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesHead Start programs have been around since 1965, when there were many children living in low income households. The purpose for Head Start was to provide an education, health services, nutrit ion, and other helpful services for the children. President Lyndon B. John wanted all children from low income families to be prepared for school when it came time for them to start school. In the study, Head Start Participation and School Readiness: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–BirthRead MoreA Russian American Psychologist, Urie Brofenbrenner1721 Words   |  7 PagesStrategic Services. To add, after the service he worked as a research psychologist for the VA Clinical Psychology Training Program, before he worked as a Professor of psychology at University of Michigan. He, then, finally accepted a faculty position in Human Development, Family Studies, and Psychology at Cornell University. He was known for the ecological system theory that explains how everything in a child and the child s environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labeledRead MoreDescriptions Of Early Childhood Educators Leaders Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesLeaders The first leader I interviewed was with Mrs. Brown, A. who is Executive Director of the First Baptist Head Start program. Mrs. Brown stated that her job responsibilities entail a complete oversight of the day to day operations of the Head Start Program. She proceeded by discussing the public policies which she stated was guided by the Head Start Performance Standards and Head Start Act. The agency serves over 438 children through six child development centers. It currently hosts 95 staffRead MoreIntelligence, Cognitive, And Cognitive Psychology1543 Words   |  7 Pagessignificantly and permanently both time and constant effort are required to a large extent. In addition, a lackluster attempt in changing an individuals IQ, will not produce sudden and lasting changes (Howe, 1997). Furthermore, the Milwaukee Project and the Head Start initiative in the U.S.A., also shows supporting evidence that intelligence, in terms of IQ, can change, as pre-school children demonstrated IQ poin t gains (Heber et. al. 1968, Gross 2001). In regards to the affect genes and the environment haveRead MoreMidterm Unit 5 Criminology Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Unit 5 Project Unit 5 Midterm Essay CJ 102-03: Criminology 1 Kaplan University Professor: Ellen Smith Chupik August 31, 2012 A recent policy was implemented by Jackson Tennessee’s Police Department, and Family Service’s dealing with the problem of child endangerment. Any household that has any documented offense of domestic violence, child abuse, or drug or alcohol related offense committed by the parents, guardian, grandparent, or babysitter, the child/childrenRead MoreChildren s Role For Optimum Learning And Pro Social Behavior1293 Words   |  6 PagesSociety and schools have a great reasonability in their role for optimum learning and pro-social behavior in children. Learning and socialization typically starts at home, or within daycare facilities. Many of these first lessons deal with a child’s interaction with family, siblings, baby sitters, peers, etc. They learn what is socially and culturally acceptable within their environment. This can cause some confusion if the child’s family comes from a different culture than is presented at the childcare

Perpetrators Of Intimate Partner Homicide -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Perpetrators Of Intimate Partner Homicide? Answer: Introducation The abuse of women in the prison has remained a common practice in the contemporary world. This has undoubtedly turned out to be one of the global issues where shared responsibility for the good of the common people is not being realized. The torment and abuse of women are not only been witnessed in the prison but also in the outside world. The males are treated as the superior beings (Abbott, Magin Hu, 2017). The principle of the common good emphasizes on human dignity and equality of all people which means all humans have the basic right to minimum standards of living (Thompson, 2017). This means women in detention also have the right to live a life free from exploitation and abuse even in prison. Hence, due to this reason, the responsibility of preserving the dignity and the safety of women should be collectively taken by every single individual particularly the nursing profession. The role of nursing profession is particularly important because they are better positioned to iden tify signs of abuse and educate people regarding maintaining dignity of women. This would head towards the betterment of the females in society. The women in their statement mentioned that only few prisoners made them feel good in the prison and they made them feel safe in the male world inside the prison. The females faced the predicament inside the prison. They felt a sense of Diaspora in that world. It was an alien world for them where they found no existence of the females. There was no space for women in the world of men management. Hence, preventive action and advocacy related strategies are necessary so that experiences of violence in women prisoners are reduced. As male prisoners are the one who first increase risk of abuse and psychological issues in detained women prisoners, there is a need to identify solutions to change the attitude of men towards women. The nursing profession can volunteer to take part in reform programs in prison where male prisoners can be educated about gender equality. Nurses can play a role in providing gender equity training so that equal and respectful relationship can be maintained and women gets a safe environment in prison. Gender equity training can be an effective strategy to educate people living in the prison regarding dignity of all (Ievins Crewe, 2015). Nurses have the theoretical knowledge to effectively communicate with people from diverse cultural background (Kouta Kaite, 2011). Hence, education programmes from gender perspective can help to make male prisoners conscious about rights of women and empowering women in society instead of discriminating them. Apart from taking the strategy of implementing gender equity training among men prisoner, another proposed solution to address the issue of abuse among women is to implement community awareness initiative. This is important because detained women prisoners experience violence and discrimination not only in prison, but also after coming out from prisons (Johnson et al., 2015). Nursing profession can bring together people in the community and inform them about the impact of abuse on women and their life. People in the community can be reached by several media programmes or special education programmes in the community (McGarry Nairn, 2015). The importance of giving knowledge regarding the sufferings and vulnerability of abused women is that it can change the attitude of people towards detained women. In addition, people in the community must also be educated regarding supporting women and taking actions against all factors that promotes violence against women. This is likely to empowe r women and support women to live life with dignity after their imprisonment (Lee Hudson, 2017). Many women who experience violence in prison suffer from psychology and mental health problems and they are sent to correctional home for treatment (Carbone et al., 2015). The persons are kept there for a purpose. They are found to be discharged without being restored and this acts s a barrier towards the attainment of the common good. Every individual had the opportunity towards the betterment of the society. The effect of the solution was that there was no distinction that was found between the female and the male when it came to the context of the common good of the people. It has been however found that staffs working in correctional home themselves become perpetrators of violence against women prisoners (Sorensen et al., 2015). Hence, the attitude of all staffs, who are connected with prisoners needs to be changed. As part of the community engagement initiative, there is a need for prison authority to advocate for the safety of women prisoners and implement process to identify g endered violence and safety in womens correctional facilities. This can help to know about individual, relational and institutional factors that promote violence against women prisoners. If attitude of staffs is the main cause of violence, then experienced nurses can be enrolled to implement violence and safety programs in jail (Asberg Renk, 2015). As part of the advocacy strategy, the aspirations of the common good can be maintained for women prisoners by engaging them in work and life skills program. This kind of program can be implemented in correctional home and the nurse can play a vital role in motivating these women to take part in such programs (Graffam, Shinkfield, Lavelle, 2014). The first aspect of nurse role would be to closely talk with victim about the issues she faces after reporting about abuse. This would help to determine whether appropriate action has been taken after the violence incident or not. The next step would be to educate nurse about the need for crisis intervention to help them overcome the suffering caused due to abuse. Close communication between nurse and prisoner can instill feeling of confidence and trust among victims and they can actively take part in work and life skills program (McKenna et al. 2015). Another effective approach to advocate for safety of women prisoners is to make women aware about the importance of reporting about abuse. Evidence has shown that despite being sexually abused by men in prison, many women are reluctant to report about such incident to prison authorities (Howarth Robinson, 2016). Hence, as part of education and preventive action to prevent abuse against women prisoners, nurses can guide women regarding the importance of reporting about abuse at the right time. This awareness about reporting abuse can limit the damage done to prisoners and it can also save them from harmful consequences in the future (Nappa, Rafique, Caballero, 2013, July). Secondly, to encourage women to actively report about abuse, nurses can also make them aware about the process of reporting. This information can be given to inmate during orientation process and also distributed in the form of posters or bulletin boards. Rom the above analysis, it can be concluded that genuine advocacy and community engagement strategies are effectibe steps to address the challenges in realizing the aspirations of the common good in women prisoners. The step of gender equity education, changing attitude of prison staffs, awareness about reporting abuse and implementing work and life skills program are good movement towards the attainment of the common good. The common good could be achieved through the realization of the conditions of the victims. The condition of the victims should not be pitied upon but they should be helped out. Every individual should understand the condition of the victims and they should participate in changing the thoughts. The nursing profession as well as community has a major role to play in the improvement of the issues that has been addressed in the essay. Each and every individual of the society has a major role to play in the attainment of a better society. References Abbott, P., Magin, P., Hu, W. (2017). Healthcare delivery for women in prison: a medical record review. Australian journal of primary health, 22(6), 523-529. Aguirre, E., Hoare, Z., Streater, A., Spector, A., Woods, B., Hoe, J., Orrell, M. (2013). Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for people with dementiawho benefits most?. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 28(3), 284-290. Asberg, K., Renk, K. (2015). Safer in Jail? A Comparison of Victimization History and Psychological Adjustment Between Previously Homeless and Non-Homeless Incarcerated Women.Feminist Criminology,10(2), 165-187. Carbone, A. D. S. S., Paio, D. S. G., Sgarbi, R. V. E., Lemos, E. F., Cazanti, R. F., Ota, M. M., ... Motta-Castro, A. R. C. (2015). Active and latent tuberculosis in Brazilian correctional facilities: a cross-sectional study. BMC infectious Diseases, 15(1), 24. Graffam, J., Shinkfield, A. J., Lavelle, B. (2014). Recidivism among participants of an employment assistance program for prisoners and offenders.International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology,58(3), 348-363. Howarth, E., Robinson, A. (2016). Responding effectively to women experiencing severe abuse: identifying key components of a British advocacy intervention.Violence against women,22(1), 41-63. Ievins, A., Crewe, B. (2015). Nobodys better than you, nobodys worse than you: Moral community among prisoners convicted of sexual offences.Punishment Society,17(4), 482-501. Johnson, J. E., Schonbrun, Y. C., Peabody, M. E., Shefner, R. T., Fernandes, K. M., Rosen, R. K., Zlotnick, C. (2015). Provider experiences with prison care and aftercare for women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders: Treatment, resource, and systems integration challenges.The journal of behavioral health services research,42(4), 417-436. Kouta, C., Kaite, C. P. (2011). Gender discrimination and nursing: literature review.Journal of Professional Nursing,27(1), 59-63. Lee, J. A., Hudson, R. E. (2017). Empowerment Approach to Social Work Treatment.Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches, 142. McGarry, J., Nairn, S. (2015). An exploration of the perceptions of emergency department nursing staff towards the role of a domestic abuse nurse specialist: a qualitative study.International emergency nursing,23(2), 65-70. McKenna, B., Skipworth, J., Tapsell, R., Madell, D., Pillai, K., Simpson, A., ... Rouse, P. (2015). A prison mental health in?reach model informed by assertive community treatment principles: evaluation of its impact on planning during the pre?release period, community mental health service engagement and reoffending.Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health,25(5), 429-439. Nappa, A., Rafique, M. Z., Caballero, J. (2013, July). Driving in the cloud: An analysis of drive-by download operations and abuse reporting. InInternational Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment(pp. 1-20). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Sorensen, J. R., Vigen, M. P., Woods, S. O., Williams, B. D. (2015). Assaults on inmates and staff by perpetrators of intimate partner homicide: An examination of competing hypotheses.Journal of interpersonal violence,30(19), 3367-3388. Thompson, M. J. (2017). 9 The common good as a principle of social justice.The Good Life Beyond Growth: New Perspectives.

Unemployment research free essay sample

Unemployment From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Unemployment (or Joblessness), as defined by the International Labour Organization, occurs when people are without Jobs and they have actively sought work within the past four weeks. [2] The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force. In a 2011 news story, BusinessWeek reported, More than 200 million people globally are out of work, a record high, as almost two-thirds of advanced economies and half of eveloping countries are experiencing a slowdown in employment growth, the group There remains considerable theoretical debate regarding the causes, consequences and solutions for unemployment. Classical economics, neoclassical economics and the Austrian School of economics argue that market mechanisms are reliable means of resolving unemployment. citation needed] These theories argue against interventions imposed on the labour market from the outside, such as unionization, minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that they claim discourage the hiring of workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keynesian economics emphasizes the cyclical ature of unemployment and recommends interventions it claims will reduce unemployment during recessions. This theory focuses on recurrent supply shocks that suddenly reduce aggregate demand for goods and services and thus reduce demand for workers. Keynesian models recommend government interventions designed to increase demand for workers; these can include financial stimuli, publicly funded Job creation, and expansionist monetary policies. Georgists, half a century before Keynes, also noted the cyclical nature but focused on the role of speculation in land which pushes up economic rent. Because rent must be paid mostly from wages (yield of labor) but also from interest (yield of capital), economic activity cannot be sustained in the rent bubble, which finally burst resulting in recessions or depressions. Once the speculation is wrung out of system the cycle of land speculation begins again. [4] Henry George therefore advocated the taxation of land values (Single Tax) to stop land speculation and in order to eliminate taxation of labor and capital. George opposed land nationalization and Marxs theories. Marxism focuses on the relations between the owners and the workers, whom, it claims, the wners pit against one another in a constant struggle for Jobs and higher wages. The unemployment produced by this struggle is said to benefit the system by reducing wage costs for the owners. For Marxists the causes of and solutions to unemployment require abolishing capitalism and shifting to socialism or communism. In addition to these three comprehensive theories of unemployment, there are a few categorizations of unemployment that are used to more precisely model the effects of unemployment within the economic system. The main types of unemployment include structural unemployment which focuses on structural problems in the conomy and inefficiencies inherent in labour markets including a mismatch between the supply and demand ot laborers witn necessary skill sets . Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to disruptive technologies and globalization. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on each individuals valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates plus the time and effort required to find a Job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address barriers to entry and wage rates. Behavioral economists highlight individual biases in decision making and often nvolve problems and solutions concerning sticky wages and efficiency wages.

Teacher Assistant free essay sample

Then following with an introduction of the subject and and activity for the whole class, then asking questions and develop the topic, maybe in small groups, for a longer period of time. Give them an activity related to the topic and provide aids and materials to help them to perform the activity successfully. Then give time for the students to do the activity, always checking their progress and solving their questions. Ask the students to choose a member of the group to share their results. Have ready some extra tasks to be done if there is a need for an extension Then assess the results link the topic with examples that the pupils can relate to. Ask the students for other uses for the information given. Leave some homework or task to do at home with a parent or carer. Encourage to do some extra activities like keeping a diary. Question 2: Describe your role in delivering learning activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher Assistant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even tough my role will depend on the school and my experience, understanding the activity and the pupils is a must. My role consists of assisting the teacher by preparing the learning environment to meet the need of all the pupils in the class and providing the appropriate learning activities and materials. Supervising an individual or small group of pupils, always maintaining their safety and interacting with them to focus their attention on the learning potential of the learning materials. Using praise and encouragement to help pupils participate fully and observe their responses during the process. Question 3: make a list of the things expected from you as part of your role upporting an individual pupil or group of pupils. Helping the pupils access the subject matter that has been provided by the teacher, supervise them during different activities and encourage them to learn in an independent manner. Ensure their safety and general welfare. Facilitate their physical, emotional, social and educational development. To assist with sick children and deal with minor cuts and grazes. To promote and r einforce the self-esteem of all pupils and encourage acceptance and the inclusion of those pupils with special educational needs Question 4: Think about your role and responsibilities as teacher assistant. List examples of your own general and specific tasks. As a teacher assistant I must know the school policies and procedures and understanding my role and responsibilities in relation to them. To attend staff meetings and training sessions and acquire the full range of skills and knowledge that the job requires from me to do a satisfactory work. As a teacher assistant I also must help with the preparation and organization of the learning environment as directed by the teacher. Work in partnership with the teacher to prepare and maintain the learning environment, for example by helping to prepare in advance the lessons and/or teaching aids, preparing the rooms, materials and equipment. Making sure the equipment and materials are clean, safe and in their place and put them away once they are not needed any more. observing and recording the progress of the pupils during the activities and discuss later with the teacher the results I must support the pupils by understanding their learning and physical needs, and responding appropriately to them. I also must check the pupils work, if necessary help them to catch up, encourage them to correct their own mistakes and provide them with support to learn independently. In order to do that I must develop a positive working relationship with the pupils. That can be achieved by listening to them, gaining their trust and confidence, always respecting and valuing them, knowing that children must be safe at all times. Other specific tasks I must do include helping the students, by taking notes for them if necessary, listening to them as they read, playing games with one individual pupil or a small group, read to them. Assisting them with special equipment. Clarifying meanings or ideas as well as activities if necessary. Refer to the teacher any problems or difficulties I cannot solve on my own Question 5: Briefly describe the role of the teaching assistant in relation to the teacher. The teachers role is to plan lessons, direct and assess pupils learning. The role of the teaching assistant is to support the teacher in planning, delivering and evaluating learning activities and also, under the teachers direction to give support to the class, whether it is the whole class, small groups or individuals. Question 6: Briefly outline the role and responsibilities of the headteacher; deputy/assistant headteacher, SENCO, Key-stage coordinators; subject coordinators; class/subject teachers. The headteacher is responsible for all the pupils in the school, and along with the deputy/assistant headteacher, Senco and Key-stage Coordinators, is responsible for the creation and and maintenance of the learning environment throughout the school as a whole. The class/subject teacher, on the other hand, is responsible for the preparation and maintenance of an appropriate learning environment within their own classroom and subject area. Question 7: Give examples of how to promote independent learning, e. g. Using ICT skills. First by establishing clear procedures, pupils must know what to do during the activity and after finishing. Assign open-ended learning activities, so the pupils can choose what they want to talk about, or what book to read or what kind of game they want to play, since this will give them a sense of ownership in their learning. Guide the students through questions, so they can find the answer by themselves. Ask questions to reflect on what they have done and how it helps them. Provide assessment and feedback. Encourage pupils to work in groups and help each other. Encourage students to predict the results of the activities or how well they did on tests. Setting challenging and realistic learning goals encourage pupils to keep learner diaries. Question 8: what strategies can be used to support pupils in learning activities. Pupils can be supported by using many strategies, for example ole play, teaching trough discussion, familiarise them with the topic or finding out what they think or know about a specific subject by asking questions. Allowing pupils to â€Å"show† rather than â€Å"tell†, model activities before the pupils carry them out, using flash cards, kinaesthetic activities such as playing â€Å"Simon says† or â€Å"walk the shape† using word games, such as â€Å"taboo†, using examples that are culturally available to all pupils. Using writing frames. Using dictionaries. Allowing the pupils to practice before answering. Activities such as â€Å"Show and tell†. Allowing self-assessment.

The Logical Fallacy of Stacking the Deck

The Logical Fallacy of Stacking the Deck The term stacking the deck is a  fallacy in which any evidence that supports an opposing argument is simply rejected, omitted, or ignored. Stacking the deck is a technique thats commonly used in propaganda. It is also known as special pleading, ignoring the counterevidence, slanting, or one-sided assessment. Examples and Observations People sometimes make decisions by folding a piece of paper in half, and listing reasons in favor on one side, and reasons against on the other; then they decide intuitively which side has stronger (not necessarily more) reasons. This method forces us to look at both sides of an issue before we decide. In the incorrect form, we just look at half the picture; this is called stacking the deck. (Harry J. Gensler, Introduction to Logic. Routledge, 2002)Gamblers stack the deck in their favor by arranging the cards so that they will win. Writers stack the deck by ignoring any evidence or arguments that dont support their position. I once experienced stacking the deck when I went to buy a used car. The man trying to sell me the car talked only about how wonderful the car was. After I bought the car, another man tried to sell me an extended warranty by pointing out all the things that could break down. (Gary Layne Hatch, Arguing in Communities. Mayfield, 1996) Deck Stacking in Arguments for and Against the Legalization of Drugs [A] recent ABC show on drugs . . . distorted, omitted or manipulated drug reality. What was piously described as an attempt to open discussion on different approaches to the drug problem was simply a long promotion for legalization of drugs. . . .The program dwells with utmost respect on legalization efforts in Britain and the Netherlands. But it omits evidence of failure. It gives no time to British and Dutch experts who say they have been a disaster, or to Zurichs decision to close its infamous needle park, or to the rise in crime and drug addiction in the Netherlands, or the fact that Italy, which decriminalized possession of heroin in 1975, now leads Western Europe in per capita heroin addiction, with 350,000 addicts.The deck is stacked like a monte game. The advocates of some form of legalization include a judge, police chiefs, a mayor. But nothing is said about the great majority of judges, police officers and mayors who are opposed to legalization by any alias. (A.M. Rosentha l, On My Mind; Stacking the Deck. The New York Times, April 14, 1995) When the White House issued a statement last night saying that marijuana should remain illegalresponding to our pro-legalization editorial seriesofficials there weren’t just expressing an opinion. They were following the law. The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy is required by statute to oppose all efforts to legalize any banned drug.It’s one of the most anti-scientific, know-nothing provisions in any federal law, but it remains an active imposition on every White House. The drug czar, as the director of the drug control policy office is informally known, must take such actions as necessary to oppose any attempt to legalize the use of a substance that’s listed on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act and has no approved medical use.Marijuana fits that description, as do heroin and LSD. But unlike those far more dangerous drugs, marijuana has medical benefits that are widely known and are now officially recognized in 35 states. The drug cza r, though, isn’t allowed to recognize them, and whenever any member of Congress tries to change that, the White House office is required to stand up and block the effort. It cannot allow any federal study that might demonstrate the rapidly changing medical consensus on marijuana’s benefits and its relative lack of harm compared to alcohol and tobacco.(David Firestone, The Required White House Response on Marijuana. The New York Times, July 29, 2014) Stacking the Deck on Talk Shows Biased talk-show hosts often stack the deck in their discussions of controversial issues by choosing more qualified and dynamic guests to represent the viewpoints they favor. If, by chance, the other guests seem to be overcoming the disadvantage, the host will interrupt and make it a two-on-one debate. An even more outrageous form of stacking the deck is for talk-show hosts and program directors to ignore entirely the side of the issue they disagree with.(Vincent Ryan Ruggiero, Making Your Mind Matter: Strategies for Increasing Practical Intelligence. Rowman Littlefield, 2003)

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) Essay

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) - Essay Example This site presents a very professional approach to tackle emergencies as H1N1 flu outbreak and has an excellent video posted on the site on H1N1 prevention by Dr Mark Horton, Director of California Department of Public Health. This site has separate and easily detectable and dedicated links for immunization for children and adults. The information provided in these links is also easily intelligible to all cross sections of the society. In conformity with The Government Modernization, Efficiency, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2005, this site also posts information about all proposed regulations, administrative proceedings, meetings, hearings and clearly explains how the public can participate and comment on all such issues. The mission of this department is to work in partnership with the community to ensure that optimal health and well being of all people is achieved. The department also recognizes that residents are more than mere consumers of public health services and is thus committed to collaborating with medical service providers, County departments, City agencies, community-based organizations, schools, civic groups, foundations, religious organizations, families to address myriad health and safety issues impacting individuals and populations in our county. Such an inclusive approach most surely echoes the IOM definition of public health. Vaccination and immunization schedules are easily available in several languages in this website. Such a multilingual dissemination of crucial and relevant information is most surely a welcome departure from routine procedure of government departments. This website has a separate page dedicated to data, reports and Public Health statistics useful for residents, clinicians, community-based organizations, grant writers, school districts, policy makers and academia. Though the mission statement echoes sentiments